Low density,good flowability cyclodextrin-raffinose binary carrier for dry powder inhaler: anti-hygroscopicity and aerosolization performance enhancement

Background: The hygroscopicity of raffinose carrier for dry powder inhaler (DPI) was the main obstacle for its further application. Hygroscopicity-induced agglomeration would cause deterioration of aerosolization performance of raffinose, undermining the delivery efficiency.

Methods: Cyclodextrin-raffinose binary carriers (CRBCs) were produced by spray-drying so as to surmount the above issue. Physicochemical attributes and formation mechanism of CRBCs were explored in detail. The flow property of CRBCs was examined by FT4 Powder Rheometer. Hygroscopicity of CRBCs was elucidated by dynamic vapor sorption study. Aerosolization performance was evaluated by in vitro deposition profile and in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of CRBC based DPI formulations.

Results: The optimal formulation of CRBC (R₄) was proven to possess anti-hygroscopicity and aerosolization performance enhancement properties. Concisely, the moisture uptake of R₄ was c.a. 5% which was far lower than spray-dried raffinose (R₀, c.a. 65%). R₄ exhibited a high fine particle fraction value of 70.56 ± 0.61% and it was 3.75-fold against R₀. The pulmonary and plasmatic bioavailability of R₄ were significantly higher than R₀ (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: CRBC with anti-hygroscopicity and aerosolization performance enhancement properties was a promising approach for pulmonary drug delivery, which could provide new possibilities to the application of hygroscopic carriers for DPI.     

The eyes have it: Using eye tracking to inform information processing strategies in multi‐attributes choices

Although choice experiments (CEs) are widely applied in economics to study choice behaviour, understanding of how individuals process attribute information remains limited. We show how eye‐tracking methods can provide insight into how decisions are made. Participants completed a CE, while their eye movements were recorded. Results show that although the information presented guided participants' decisions, there were also several processing biases at work. Evidence was found of (a) top‐to‐bottom, (b) left‐to‐right, and (c) first‐to‐last order biases. Experimental factors—whether attributes are defined as “best” or “worst,” choice task complexity, and attribute ordering—also influence information processing. How individuals visually process attribute information was shown to be related to their choices. Implications for the design and analysis of CEs and future research are discussed.     

低剂量射线长期暴露对人群健康影响

目的了解长期接触放射线人群的健康状况,为放射性职业健康监护提供理论依据。方法于2016年以辽宁省内594名接触放射工作人员(接触组)和297名半年内未接触放射线人员(对照组)为调查对象,采用现况调查方法采集调查对象人口学基本信息、放射性职业接触状况、按照《放射工作人员职业健康管理办法》进行健康体检,采用一般描述性统计分析方法探讨长期接触低剂量放射线对人群的健康损害及影响因素。结果对照组人群白细胞计数异常检出率与眼晶状体浑浊率分别为0.015%、0.030%,放射线接触组人群白细胞计数异常检出率与晶状体浑浊率分别为0.042%、0.150%;与对照组比较,放射线接触组人群白细胞计数异常检出率及眼晶状体浑浊率明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组人群血红蛋白、血小板、血糖异常检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。工龄0~9、10~19、≥20年放射线接触者眼晶状体浑浊率分别为0.039%、0.063%和0.133%;不同工龄放射线接触者眼晶状体浑浊率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);从事放射治疗、介入放射、放射诊断、投照、工业探伤等放射工种之间各项健康指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论长期低剂量射线暴露对人体健康具有一定影响,应加强放射线接触人群放射线防护意识,定期进行健康检查。     

地面水背景下眼部紫外线暴露强度分析

目的探讨水面反射对眼部紫外线暴露量的影响,为眼部紫外线防护提供依据。方法采用自制旋转式眼部紫外线暴露模型于2017年8月期间在辽宁省沈阳地区某公园的水面和木板两种不同地面背景,同时进行眼部紫外线暴露强度监测。结果无论紫外线A段(UVA)还是紫外线B段(UVB)其眼部暴露强度均为地面水背景下高于木板背景。水面、木板背景下眼部UVA暴露最大值日间变化均呈双峰分布,2者峰值相差479μW/cm2(上午)、526μW/cm2(下午);眼部UVB暴露最大值的日间变化双峰不明显,水面、木板背景下眼部UVB暴露最大值的峰值差值为14μW/cm2。不同方位眼部紫外线暴露强度多数为地面水背景高于木板背景。结论地面水背景下的眼部紫外线暴露强度高于木板背景下的眼部紫外线暴露强度。     

碘伏在预防下颌阻生智齿拔除后干槽症中的作用

目的 :探讨碘伏对下颌阻生智齿拔除术后干槽症的预防作用。方法 :选择拔除下颌阻生智齿 2 66例 ,术后随机分为两组。一组局部给予 0 .5 %碘伏 ,3次 /d ,连续 5d ;另一组口服抗生素 ,持续 5d。对两组干槽症的发生率进行对比研究。结果 :抗生素组有 7例干槽症 ,发生率为 5 .83 %。而碘伏组仅有 1例干槽症 ,发生率为 0 .68%。两组的发生率经统计学分析有显著差异。结论 :碘伏能有效地预防下颌阻生智齿拔除后干槽症的发生。     

The efficacy of Xialine<Superscript>®</Superscript> in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome: a single-blind,cross-over study

Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown cause whose main characteristic is severe dryness of the eyes and the mouth. The decreased functional capacity of the lacrimal and salivary glands which is the result of the inflammatory process and lymphocytic infiltration observed in SS is accountable for this complication. Twenty-nine patients with SS whose ages were ranging between 24–77, who were under treatment in Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Rheumatology, participated in the study, and their informed consents were obtained upon enrollment. Each patient recorded their subjective complaints on a separate questionnaire. The baseline and subsequent evaluation of the subjective findings on predetermined times (1 h after application of the material, at the end of the 1st, 7th, and 14th days) were also recorded on separate questionnaire sheets. Throughout the 14-day treatment period, no statistically significant differences were noted between the Xialine® and placebo groups with regard to burning tongue, diminished taste, and waking up at night to sip water (p?=?0.925, 0.527, and 0.066, respectively). However, patients’ satisfaction with placebo decreased by 25.63% at the end of the test period, whereas it increased by 16.37% after Xialine® administration. Overall, the patients preferred Xialine® at the end of the study (p?=?0.011). The main motive to administer saliva substitute is to improve lubrication and hydration of oral tissues. The results of this study indicated that Xialine® is helpful in the management of xerostomia-related symptoms of SS patients. However, further investigations in larger scale group of patients are recommended to provide the effects of these agents on various complaints of xerostomia.     

医生技术因素在下颌第三磨牙拔除术中的作用

目的：明确医生技术因素和下颌第三磨牙拔除术后并发症之间的关系。方法：利用前瞻随机的设计方法，将患者分别分配到学员组和医生组，术后7d来复诊，并记录患者拔牙创异常出血、张口受限和干槽症等并发症的发病情况，最后做相关的统计处理。结果：学员组患者的拔牙创异常出血和张口受限并发症明显高于医生组，但在干槽症的发病率上两组之间无显著差异。结论：应该提高医生的拔牙操作技术，争取减少术后并发症。     

Salivary flow and its relationship to oral signs and symptoms in patients with dry eyes

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate oral symptoms and clinical parameters in dry eye patients. Subjective reports of the sensation of a dry mouth, salivary flow rates, and clinical parameters of oral disease related to three different types of dry eye patients were examined. Subjects and methods: There were 224 individuals, including dry eye patients and control subjects. The dry eye patients were classified into three types: patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS‐DE), patients without SS‐DE (non‐SS‐DE), and patients with Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS‐DE). Salivary flow rates were measured using two kinds of sialometry. Subjective and objective oral symptoms and signs were also examined. Results and conclusion: Over half of the dry eye patients complained of a dry mouth. The flow rates of their stimulated whole saliva and parotid saliva were significantly lower than those of the control groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The sensation of a dry mouth and changes in oral soft tissues, dental caries, and oral Candida frequently occurred in dry eye patients.     

眼前段生物测量值与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变程度的相关性研究

目的 探讨眼前段生物测量值与2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者视网膜病变程度的相关性。方法 选取2019年3月—2021年3月河北北方学院附属第一医院收治的T2DM患者156例,根据糖尿病性视网膜病变（DR）程度,将其分为无糖尿病性视网膜病变（NDR）组（51例）、非增殖型糖尿病性视网膜病变（NPDR）组（54例）、增殖型糖尿病性视网膜病变（PDR）组（51例）。比较各组患者眼前段生物测量值;采用Spearman法分析角膜厚度、前房深度、眼轴长度与DR程度的相关性;比较不同程度DR患者的一般资料;采用Logistic回归分析PDR的影响因素。结果 与NDR组比较,NPDR组和PDR组球镜屈光度增大,角膜厚度增厚,前房深度变浅,眼轴长度缩短（P <0.05）;与NPDR组比较,PDR组角膜厚度增厚、前房深度变浅、眼轴长度缩短（P <0.05）;但NPDR组、PDR组球镜屈光度比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。Spearman相关性分析结果显示,角膜厚度与DR程度呈正相关（r_s =0.882,P =0.000）;前房深度、眼轴长度与DR程度呈负相关（r_s =-0.921和-0.886,均P =0.000）。与NPDR组比较,PDR组T2DM病程延长,糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）占比及尿微量白蛋白（mALB）水平升高（P <0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示,T2DM病程长［O^R=6.404（95% CI：3.358,9.451）］、DPN占比高［O^R=2.591（95% CI：1.153,4.029）］、mALB水平高［O^R=3.353（95% CI：2.365,4.342）］、角膜厚度厚［O^R=3.200（95% CI：2.086,4.313）］、前房深度浅［O^R=0.384（95% CI：0.124,0.645）］、眼轴长度短［O^R=0.408（95% CI：0.245,0.571）］是PDR的危险因素（P <0.05）。结论 角膜厚度、前房深度、眼轴长度与DR程度有相关性,且角膜厚度厚、前房深度浅、眼轴长度短是PDR的危险因素。